The brains of highly intelligent children develop in a different pattern from those with more average abilities, researchers have found after analyzing a series of imaging scans collected over 17 years.
The discovery, some experts expect, will help scientists understand intelligence in terms of the genes that foster it and the childhood experiences that can promote it.
This is the first time that anyone has shown that the brain grows differently in extremely intelligent children “said paul m. thompson, a brain-imaging expert at the university of California. Los angeles.
The finding is based on 307 children in bethesda, md, an affluent suburb of Washington, starting in 1989, they were given regular brain scans using magnetic resonance imaging, a project initiated by dr. Judith rapoport of the national institute of mental health.
This set of scans has been analyzed by philip show, dr. Jay giedd and others at the institute and at mcgill university on Montreal. They looked at changes in the thickness of the cerebral cortex, the thin sheet of neurons that clads the outer surface of the brain and is the seat of many higher mental processes.
The general pattern of maturation, the report in nature today, is that the cortex grows thicker as the child ages and then thins out. The cause of the changes is unknown, because the imaging process cannot see down of the level of individual neurons.
But basically the brain seems to be rewiring itself as it matures, whit the thinning of the cortex reflecting a pruning of redundant connections.
The analysis was started to check out a finding by dr. Thompson: that parts of the frontal lobe of the cortex are larger in people with high i.q.s. looking at highly intelligent 7 years-old, the researchers said they were surprised to find that the cortex was thinner than in a comparison group of children of average intelligence.
It was only in following the scans as the children Grew older that the dynamism of the developing brain became evident. The researchers found that average children (I.Q store 83 to 108) reached a peak of cortical thickness at age 7 or 8. highly intelligent children (121 to 149 in I.Q.) reached a peak thickness much later, at 13, followed by more dynamic pruning process.
One interpretation, dr. Rapoport said, is that the brains of highly intelligent children are more plastic or changeable, swinging trough a higher trajectory of cortical thickening and thinning than occurs in average children. The scans show the “sculpturing or fine tuning of parts of the cortex which support higher level thought, an maybe this is happening more efficiently in the most intelligent children. “dr. shaw said.
The I.Q. was tested when the children entered the program. Further tests were not needed because I.Q. s are so stable. Dr. Rapoport said.
Dr. Thompson said the new study opened huge possibilities because researchers should be able to indentify the factors that influence the brain by looking at the scan patterns identified by the researchers.
The bethesda children have had genetic samples taken from their cells, so genes that have even the mildest influence on the brain should be detectable, dr. Thompson said. The pattern of development may also be affected by factors like diet, hours spent in school or the number of siblings, and these may come to light by asking parents how they raised their children.
“there are many enigmas of intelligence that they can now solve” he said.
I.Q. scores and measuring intelligence have long been controversial. Brain-imaging studies by dr. Thompson and the study group have advanced that field by identifying physical features of the brain that correlate with I.Q.
In 2001, dr. Thompson reported that based on imaging twins brains the volume of gray matter in the frontal lobes and other areas correlated with I.Q. and was heavily influenced by genetics. Despite the great importance of genes in brain function, dr. Thompson said experience could also change the brain.
“unless you have strong natural potential, you won´t become a World-class marathon runner,” he said. “but that disillusionment is rapidly replaced by the notion that you can improve your own performance.”
The institute´s team has many genectic studies in progress. They analysis reported today was not intended to look at the relationship between genes and intelligence.
“a lot of research in intelligence has not been that great “dr. Shaw said” I would hope by this modest descriptive study to put things on an empirical footing”.
One goal of the study was to establish normal development patterns, to diagnose what goes awry in children with schizophrenia or attention deficits. Dr. Shaw said his team did not have the full answers as to how the brain differed in those cases.
DESIGN THAT SOLVES PROBLEMS FOR THE WORLD´S POOR
“a billion customers in the World”, dr. Paul polak told a crowd of inventors recently “are waiting for a 2 pair of eyeglasses, a 10 solar lantern and a 100 house”.
The World is cleverest designers, said dr. polak, a former psychiatrist who now runs an organization helping poor farmers become entrepreneurs, cater to the globe is richest 10 percent, creating items like wine labels, couture and maseratis.
“we need a revolution to reverse that silly ratio” he said.
To that ned, the cooper-hewitt national deign museum, which is housed in andrew carnegies´s 64-room mansion on fith avenue and offers a 250 red chrome piggy bank in its gift shop, is honoring inventors dedicated to “the other 90 percent,” particularly the billions of people living on less than 2 a day.
Their creations on display in the museum garden until sept 23 have a sort of forehead-thumping “why did not someone think or that before” quality
For example one of the simplest an yet most elegant designs tackles a job that millions of women and girls spend many hours doing each year- fetching water. Balancing heavy jerry cans on the head may lead to elegant posture, but it is backbreaking work and sometimes causes crippling injuries. The Q-Drum, a circular jerry can, holds 20 gallons, and it rolls smoothly enough for a child to tow it on a rope.
Interestingly, most of the designers who spoke at the opening of the exhibition spurned the idea of charity.
The No. 1 need that poor people have is a way to make more cash, “said martin fisher, an engineer who founded kicksart, an organization that says it has helped 230000 people escape poverty, it sells human-powered pumps costing 35 to 95
Pumping water can help a farmer grow grain in the dry season, when it fetches triple the normal price. Dr. Fisher described customers who had skipped meals for weeks to buy a pump and then earned 1000 the next year selling vegetables.
“most of the world´s poor are subsistence farmers, so they need a business model that lets them make Money in three to six months, which is one growing season, “he said. Kickstart accepts grants to support its advertising and find networks of sellers supplied with spare parts for example his prospetive customers, dr. Fisher explained, “don´t do market research”
“many of them have never left their villages” he said.
The discovery, some experts expect, will help scientists understand intelligence in terms of the genes that foster it and the childhood experiences that can promote it.
This is the first time that anyone has shown that the brain grows differently in extremely intelligent children “said paul m. thompson, a brain-imaging expert at the university of California. Los angeles.
The finding is based on 307 children in bethesda, md, an affluent suburb of Washington, starting in 1989, they were given regular brain scans using magnetic resonance imaging, a project initiated by dr. Judith rapoport of the national institute of mental health.
This set of scans has been analyzed by philip show, dr. Jay giedd and others at the institute and at mcgill university on Montreal. They looked at changes in the thickness of the cerebral cortex, the thin sheet of neurons that clads the outer surface of the brain and is the seat of many higher mental processes.
The general pattern of maturation, the report in nature today, is that the cortex grows thicker as the child ages and then thins out. The cause of the changes is unknown, because the imaging process cannot see down of the level of individual neurons.
But basically the brain seems to be rewiring itself as it matures, whit the thinning of the cortex reflecting a pruning of redundant connections.
The analysis was started to check out a finding by dr. Thompson: that parts of the frontal lobe of the cortex are larger in people with high i.q.s. looking at highly intelligent 7 years-old, the researchers said they were surprised to find that the cortex was thinner than in a comparison group of children of average intelligence.
It was only in following the scans as the children Grew older that the dynamism of the developing brain became evident. The researchers found that average children (I.Q store 83 to 108) reached a peak of cortical thickness at age 7 or 8. highly intelligent children (121 to 149 in I.Q.) reached a peak thickness much later, at 13, followed by more dynamic pruning process.
One interpretation, dr. Rapoport said, is that the brains of highly intelligent children are more plastic or changeable, swinging trough a higher trajectory of cortical thickening and thinning than occurs in average children. The scans show the “sculpturing or fine tuning of parts of the cortex which support higher level thought, an maybe this is happening more efficiently in the most intelligent children. “dr. shaw said.
The I.Q. was tested when the children entered the program. Further tests were not needed because I.Q. s are so stable. Dr. Rapoport said.
Dr. Thompson said the new study opened huge possibilities because researchers should be able to indentify the factors that influence the brain by looking at the scan patterns identified by the researchers.
The bethesda children have had genetic samples taken from their cells, so genes that have even the mildest influence on the brain should be detectable, dr. Thompson said. The pattern of development may also be affected by factors like diet, hours spent in school or the number of siblings, and these may come to light by asking parents how they raised their children.
“there are many enigmas of intelligence that they can now solve” he said.
I.Q. scores and measuring intelligence have long been controversial. Brain-imaging studies by dr. Thompson and the study group have advanced that field by identifying physical features of the brain that correlate with I.Q.
In 2001, dr. Thompson reported that based on imaging twins brains the volume of gray matter in the frontal lobes and other areas correlated with I.Q. and was heavily influenced by genetics. Despite the great importance of genes in brain function, dr. Thompson said experience could also change the brain.
“unless you have strong natural potential, you won´t become a World-class marathon runner,” he said. “but that disillusionment is rapidly replaced by the notion that you can improve your own performance.”
The institute´s team has many genectic studies in progress. They analysis reported today was not intended to look at the relationship between genes and intelligence.
“a lot of research in intelligence has not been that great “dr. Shaw said” I would hope by this modest descriptive study to put things on an empirical footing”.
One goal of the study was to establish normal development patterns, to diagnose what goes awry in children with schizophrenia or attention deficits. Dr. Shaw said his team did not have the full answers as to how the brain differed in those cases.
DESIGN THAT SOLVES PROBLEMS FOR THE WORLD´S POOR
“a billion customers in the World”, dr. Paul polak told a crowd of inventors recently “are waiting for a 2 pair of eyeglasses, a 10 solar lantern and a 100 house”.
The World is cleverest designers, said dr. polak, a former psychiatrist who now runs an organization helping poor farmers become entrepreneurs, cater to the globe is richest 10 percent, creating items like wine labels, couture and maseratis.
“we need a revolution to reverse that silly ratio” he said.
To that ned, the cooper-hewitt national deign museum, which is housed in andrew carnegies´s 64-room mansion on fith avenue and offers a 250 red chrome piggy bank in its gift shop, is honoring inventors dedicated to “the other 90 percent,” particularly the billions of people living on less than 2 a day.
Their creations on display in the museum garden until sept 23 have a sort of forehead-thumping “why did not someone think or that before” quality
For example one of the simplest an yet most elegant designs tackles a job that millions of women and girls spend many hours doing each year- fetching water. Balancing heavy jerry cans on the head may lead to elegant posture, but it is backbreaking work and sometimes causes crippling injuries. The Q-Drum, a circular jerry can, holds 20 gallons, and it rolls smoothly enough for a child to tow it on a rope.
Interestingly, most of the designers who spoke at the opening of the exhibition spurned the idea of charity.
The No. 1 need that poor people have is a way to make more cash, “said martin fisher, an engineer who founded kicksart, an organization that says it has helped 230000 people escape poverty, it sells human-powered pumps costing 35 to 95
Pumping water can help a farmer grow grain in the dry season, when it fetches triple the normal price. Dr. Fisher described customers who had skipped meals for weeks to buy a pump and then earned 1000 the next year selling vegetables.
“most of the world´s poor are subsistence farmers, so they need a business model that lets them make Money in three to six months, which is one growing season, “he said. Kickstart accepts grants to support its advertising and find networks of sellers supplied with spare parts for example his prospetive customers, dr. Fisher explained, “don´t do market research”
“many of them have never left their villages” he said.
TRADUCCION
Los cerebros de niños altamente inteligentes se convierten en un diverso patrón de ésos con capacidades más medias, investigadores han encontrado después de analizar una serie de exploraciones de la proyección de imagen recogidas sobre 17 años.
El descubrimiento, algunos expertos esperan, ayude a científicos a entender la inteligencia en términos de genes que fomente en la niñez experiencias que puedan promoverlo.
Éste es la primera vez que cualquier persona ha demostrado que el cerebro crece diferente en niños extremadamente inteligentes “dijo paul M. thompson, experto de la cerebro-proyección de imagen en la universidad de California. Los Ángeles.
El descubrimiento se basa en 307 niños en el bethesda, md, un suburbio afluente de Washington, comenzando en 1989, a ellos fue dado exploraciones regulares del cerebro usando la proyección de imagen de resonancia magnética, un proyecto iniciado por el Dr. Judith rapoport de del instituto nacional de la salud mental.
Este sistema de exploraciones ha sido analizado por philip show, el Dr. jay giedd y otros en el instituto y en la universidad mcgill en Montreal. Ellos Miraban cambios en el espesor de la corteza cerebral, la hoja fina de neuronas que vestia la superficie externa del cerebro y es el asiento de muchos altos procesos mentales.
El patrón general de la maduración, el informe de Nature Today, es que la corteza crece más densamente con la edad el niño y después se diluyó. La causa de los cambios es desconocida, porque el proceso de la proyección de imagen no puede considerar abajo del nivel de neuronas individuales.
Pero básicamente parece que el cerebro se renueva el mismo como el madura, con el enrarecer de la corteza que refleja una poda de conexiones redundantes.
El análisis fue comenzado para comprobar el descubrimiento por el Dr. Thompson: esas piezas del lóbulo frontal de la corteza son más grandes en la gente con i.q.s. alto que mirando la inteligencia a los 7 años, los investigadores dijeron que quedaron sorprendidos por encontrar que la corteza era más fina que en comparación de un grupo de niños de inteligencia promedio.
Consistía solamente en el seguimiento de las exploraciones mientras que los niños crecieron más viejos que el dinamismo del cerebro que se convertía llegó a ser evidente. Los investigadores encontraron que los niños medios (i.q promedio entre 83 a 108 del ) alcanzaron un pico del grueso cortical en los niños altamente inteligentes de la edad 7 o 8. (121 a 149 en I.Q.) alcanzaron un espesor máximo mucho más adelante, luego a los 13, seguido por un proceso de poda más dinámico.
Una interpretación, el Dr. Rapoport dijo, es que los cerebros de niños altamente inteligentes son más plástico o canal cambiable, que hace pivotar una trayectoria más alta del espesamiento cortical y de enrarecer lo que ocurre en los niños medios. Las exploraciones demuestran “esculpimiento o templar fino de piezas de la corteza que soporta el alto nivel de pensamientos, y quizas esto está sucediendo más eficientemente en los niños más inteligentes. el “Dr. shaw dijo.
El índice de inteligencia fue probado cuando los niños se incorporaron el programa. Otras pruebas no eran necesarias porque el índice de inteligencia es tan estable. El Dr. Rapoport dijo.
El Dr. Thompson dijo que el nuevo estudio abre grandes posibilidades porque los investigadores deben poder indentificar los factores que influencian el cerebro mirando los patrones de la exploración identificados por los investigadores.
Los niños del bethesda han tenido muestras genéticas tomadas de sus células, tanto los genes que tienen incluso la influencia más suave en el cerebro deben ser perceptibles, el Dr. Thompson dijo. El patrón del desarrollo se puede también afectar por factores como dieta, las horas pasadas en escuela o el número de hermanos, y éstos pueden salir a luz preguntando a los padres cómo criaron a sus niños.
“hay muchos enigmas de la inteligencia que se pueden ahora solucionarlo” dijeron. Las cuentas del índice de inteligencia y la inteligencia que medía han sido de largo polémicas. los estudios de la Cerebro-proyección de imagen del Dr. Thompson y el grupo de estudio han avanzado ese campo identificando las características físicas del cerebro que correlacionan con el índice de inteligencia. En 2001, el Dr. Thompson divulgó eso se basada en cerebros de los gemelos de la proyección de imagen el volumen de la materia gris en los lóbulos frontales y otras áreas correlacionados con el índice de inteligencia y fue influenciado pesadamente por la genética.
A pesar de la gran importancia de genes en la función del cerebro, el Dr. thompson dijo la experiencia podría también cambiar el cerebro.
“a menos que tienes potencial natural fuerte,tu no te convertiras en un corredor de maratón de clase mundial,” él dijo. “solamente esa desilusión es substituida rápidamente por la noción que puedes mejorar tu propio funcionamiento.”
El equipo del instituto tiene muchos estudios genecticos en marcha. sus Análisis divulgados hoy no fueron pensados para mirar la relación entre los genes y la inteligencia.
un “ grupo de investigación en la inteligencia no ha sido lo grande “Dr. Shaw dijo” yo esperaría por este estudio descriptivo modesto poner cosas en un pie empírico”.
Una meta del estudio era establecer patrones normales del desarrollo, para diagnosticar qué esta mal en niños con déficit de la esquizofrenia o de la atención. El Dr. Shaw dijo que su equipo no tenía las respuestas completas en cuanto a cómo el cerebro se diferenció en esos casos.
DISEÑO QUE SOLUCIONA LOS PROBLEMAS PARA LOS POBRES DEL MUNDO
“mil millones clientes en el mundo”, el Dr. Paul polak dijo a una muchedumbre de inventores “están esperando recientemente 2 pares de lentes, 10 linterna solar y 1oo casas”.
El mundo es de los diseñadores más listos, dijo Dr. polak, siquiatra formal que ahora funciona en una organización que ayuda a granjeros pobres a ser emprendedores, alrededor del globo el 10 por ciento es muy rico, creando artículos como etiquetas del vino, couture y maseratis.
“necesitamos una revolución invertir ese cociente tonto” él dijo.
A eso ned, el fabricante de vinos-hewitt del museo nacional del diseño, que se contiene en la mansión del sitio de los carnegies´s 64 de andrew en quinta avenida ofrece cromo de 250 rojos de banco guarro en su tienda de regalos, está honrando a inventores dedicados “los otros 90 por ciento,” particularmente los mil millones de gente que vivía en menos de 2 al día. Sus creaciones en la exhibición en el museo cultivan un huerto hasta que de sept. el 23 tiene una clase de frente-golpear pesadamente “porqué alguien no pensó o eso antes de que” la calidad por ejemplo una los con todo de la mayoría de diseños elegantes más simples aborde un trabajo que millones de mujeres y de muchachas pasen muchas horas que hacen cada año que trae el agua. Las latas jerry pesadas que balancean en la cabeza pueden conducir a la postura elegante, pero es trabajo backbreaking y causa a veces lesiones que lisian. El Q-Tambor, una poderosa jerry circular, los asimientos 20 galones, y él rueda suavemente bastante para que un niño lo remolque en una cuerda. Interesante, la mayor parte de los diseñadores que hablaron en la abertura de la exposición despreciaron la idea de la caridad. La necesidad de no 1 que la gente pobre tiene es una manera de hacer más efectivo, “dijo a pescador de Martin, ingeniero que fundó el kicksart, una organización que lo diga ha ayudado a la pobreza del escape de 230000 personas, él vende las bombas humano-accionadas que cuestan el agua de bombeo 35 a 95 puede ayudar a un granjero a crecer el grano en la estación seca, cuando trae triple el precio normal. El Dr. Fisher describió a clientes que habían saltado las comidas por semanas para comprar una bomba y 1000 entonces ganados el año próximo que vendía vehículos. “la mayor parte de los pobres de los world´s son granjeros de la subsistencia, así que necesitan un modelo del negocio que los deje hacer el dinero en tres a seis meses, que es una estación de crecimiento, “él dijeron. Kickstart acepta concesiones para apoyar su publicidad y las redes del hallazgo de los vendedores proveídos de las piezas de repuesto por ejemplo sus clientes prospetive, el Dr. pescador explicado, “don´t hacen estudio de mercados” “que muchas de ellas nunca han salido de sus aldeas” él dijo.
